1.The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as?
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- the lunacentric conception.
- God's master plan.
- the geocentric theory.
- the expanding universe.
- the heliocentric concept.
- was a major supporter of Copernicus' theory within the scientific community.
- did most of his work in Italy.
- was condemned by the Church and burned at the stake for his beliefs.
- recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built in Denmark.
- was a Protestant minister who attacked the new modes of scientific inquiry.
- developing Neo-Platonism.
- developing Scholasticism.
- the Socratic Method.
- expanding rationalism.
- glorifying inductive reasoning.
- calculus, a mathematical means of measuring rates of change.
- algebra and set theory.
- geometry.
- the whole number system.
- atomic physics.
- improvements in scientific instruments.
- the contributions of medieval universities.
- the recovery of classical scholarship during the Renaissance.
- the challenges of navigation during long sea voyages.
- the active support of the papacy.
- in France and other Catholic countries, monarchs attempted to suppress the new science.
- outside of Italy and Poland, the new science was scarcely known.
- both England and France established royal societies of learned scientists to meet together and discuss their discoveries.
- the Russian Tsars welcomed western scientists who were persecuted for their views.
- the new science withered as a result of the failure to establish practical colleges devoted to the application of the new theories.
- the idea that a rush of air behind a projectile kept it in motion.
- the principle of inertia.
- the law of force times distance.
- the spring reaction model.
- objects fall at different speeds depending on their size.
- proved that women were physically inferior to men.
- supported the idea that men were more important than women in the reproductive process.
- proved that women were mentally inferior to men.
- challenged the idea that women were inferior to men.
- none of these choices are correct.
- it undermined the literal interpretation of the Bible.
- it proved Jesus was not divine.
- it proved that God did not exist
- it proved the resurrection never took place.
- it undermined the authority of the Pope.
- as geocentric.
- as guided in every physical realm by a personal God.
- as chaotic, reflective of chance.
- as governed by natural laws.
- as Aristotelian in makeup.
- divinity of the material universe.
- rational elements of Christianity.
- Copernican view of the universe.
- dangers to European civilization of the Jewish faith.
- natural inferiority of women as scientists.
- the organ responsible for circulating blood is the heart.
- inductive observation, the development of hypotheses, experimentation, and orgranization are the keys to scientific industry.
- all objects fall with equal acceleration, not velocity.
- mathematics can describe natural phenomena.
- the earth revolves around the sun.
- It did not explain why planets did not appear to be equidistant from earth.
- It accurately predicted the movement of the planets.
- It advanced complicated hypotheses such as the epicycles.
- It did not explain why the seasons were not equal.
- It failed to account for the movement of the planets.
- water and air.
- the physical and the spiritual.
- reason and passion.
- deduction and induction.
- real and unreal.
- Close observation of nature.
- pure superstitions.
- the experimental method.
- a blending of Christian theology and the writings of classical authors.
- decrees emanating from the papacy.
- devised a model of the universe.
- discussed chemical treatments for disease.
- created a modern anatomy text.
- explained a theory of human evolution.
- wrote the classic text on magic and alchemy.
- mechanistic and predicable.
- irrational and holistic.
- organic and poetic.
- mythological and magical.
- holistic and providential.
- reaffirming the idea of original sin.
- requiring all previous scientific writings to be burned.
- turning the best minds away from literature and to science and technology.
- placing a new emphasis on irrationalism and mysticism.
- introducing the idea of secular progress.
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1. Rousseau's conception of the General Will meant?:
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- representative democracy.
- a vague common "interest" but not necessarily majority rule.
- perhaps democracy but much more, probably a kind of totalitarian dictatorship.
- the pressure of organized public opinion, which could be most successfully expressed through modernized parliamentary institutions.
- none of these choices are correct.
- royal despotism.
- censorship laws.
- political radicalism.
- religious bigotry as supported by an organized clergy.
- constitutional monarchy.
- popularizers of the scientific and intellectual discoveries of the 17c.
- a group of philosophers concerned with reexamining the ultimate questions of man's existence.
- a group of learned Christian clerics who wished to modernize religion.
- [originators of a new philosophy based on reason and the concept of natural law.
- people who were always the wealthiest members of 18c Western European society.
- Locke.
- Voltaire.
- Montesqiueu.
- Diderot.
- Hobbes.
- admired the Middle Ages.
- supported some censorship on speech and religious beliefs.
- rejected common law and preferred traditional Roman law codes.
- preferred a rational, absolute central government.
- admired English institutions.
- God favors a rational morality.
- science proves that God does not exist.
- rewards and punishments are metted out in the afterlife.
- nature has a rational order.
- God is not interested in the everday lives of humans.
- emotional believers in God.
- bundles of feelings, animal urges, and fears.
- a link in the rationally ordered chain of beings.
- incapable of reason.
- the only reason for a divinely inspired universe.
- were equal to men.
- should be allowed to vote.
- were biologically different from men, but were political equals to men.
- have no innate knowledge.
- and men were different and operated in separate spheres.
- introduced religious toleration in the Habsburg Empire.
- abolished political torture and persecution of different points of view.
- eliminated the death penalty in the Habsburg Empire.
- introduced many legal reforms in the Habsburg Empire.
- invited political radicals to live in her palace in Vienna.
- did possess innate truths about God.
- confirmed their innate understanding about God by reading the Scriptures.
- did not have any certain knowlede at birth.
- possessed both innate and learned truths about God.
- were born like a tabula rasa, upon which life experience would "write" its impressions.
- marriage.
- religion.
- philosophical knowledge.
- education.
- private property.
- establishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of Russia.
- abolition of serfdom and establishment of a progressive form of sharecropping.
- peace pact she made with Sweden, thus ending 60 years of intermittent warfare.
- elimination of Russian Orthodox churchment from state service.
- initiation of a new poll tax to increase tax revenues needed for future wars.
- the stability and commercial prosperity of Great Britain after 1688.
- the colonial worldview.
- the Newtonian worldview.
- need for administrative and economic reform in France after the wars of Louis XIV.
- the consolidation of a print culture.
- the introduction of democracy.
- empowering the nobles at the expense of the kings.
- benevolent absolutist monarchs.
- revolution.
- trusting the masses.
- true government stems from religious authority.
- governments are bound to the will of the people. the best form of government is a democracy.
- all government is inherently unjust.
- Humans are better off living in a state of nature.
- church and state should be entirely separate.
- the Newtonian Revolution of the previous century set it in motion.
- it was based on the belief that unchangeable natural laws governed human society as well as the physical universe.
- it supported the assumption that human reason could fathom the natural laws.
- it reflected acceptance of social inequities and injustices as inevitable effects of the natural law.
- it was optimistic and progress-oriented
- was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things.
- regarded human progress as an impossibility "in this best of all possible worlds."
- was diametrically opposed to the Newtonian concept of natural law.
- rejected the claims of modern science.
- was widely attacked by the royalty and nobility of Europe.
- London.
- Amsterdam.
- Paris.
- Vienna.
- St. Petersburg
- government must be based on the absolute authority of a divinely appointed monarch.
- the main function of laws is to subdue man's evil nature.
- governments exist by divine plan and to rebel against them is to rebel against God.
- the monarchy is the outward expression of the "general will."
- government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance.
- were more "enlightened" than "despotic."
- represent a new type of monarchy that emerged in the eighteenth century.
- were affected little by Enlightenment ideas.
- had absolutely nothing to do with the philosophes or their ideas.
- relished the opportunity to implement the ideas of the philosophes.
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